TY - JOUR TI - Interannual variation in land-use intensity enhances grassland multidiversity AU - Allan, Eric AU - Bossdorf, Oliver AU - Dormann, Carsten F. AU - Prati, Daniel AU - Gossner, Martin M. AU - Tscharntke, Teja AU - Blüthgen, Nico AU - Bellach, Michaela AU - Birkhofer, Klaus AU - Boch, Steffen AU - Böhm, Stefan AU - Börschig, Carmen AU - Chatzinotas, Antonis AU - Christ, Sabina AU - Daniel, Rolf AU - Diekötter, Tim AU - Fischer, Christiane AU - Friedl, Thomas AU - Glaser, Karin AU - Hallmann, Christine AU - Hodac, Ladislav AU - Hölzel, Norbert AU - Jung, Kirsten AU - Klein, Alexandra Maria AU - Klaus, Valentin H. AU - Kleinebecker, Till AU - Krauss, Jochen AU - Lange, Markus AU - Morris, E. Kathryn AU - Müller, Jörg AU - Nacke, Heiko AU - Pašalić, Esther AU - Rillig, Matthias C. AU - Rothenwöhrer, Christoph AU - Schall, Peter AU - Scherber, Christoph AU - Schulze, Waltraud AU - Socher, Stephanie A. AU - Steckel, Juliane AU - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf AU - Türke, Manfred AU - Weiner, Christiane N. AU - Werner, Michael AU - Westphal, Catrin AU - Wolters, Volkmar AU - Wubet, Tesfaye AU - Gockel, Sonja AU - Gorke, Martin AU - Hemp, Andreas AU - Renner, Swen C. AU - Schöning, Ingo AU - Pfeiffer, Simone AU - König-Ries, Birgitta AU - Buscot, François AU - Linsenmair, Karl Eduard AU - Schulze, Ernst Detlef AU - Weisser, Wolfgang W. AU - Fischer, Markus T2 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America AB - Although temporal heterogeneity is a well-accepted driver of biodiversity, effects of interannual variation in land-use intensity (LUI) have not been addressed yet. Additionally, responses to land use can differ greatly among different organisms; therefore, overall effects of land-use on total local biodiversity are hardly known. To test for effects of LUI (quantified as the combined intensity of fertilization, grazing, and mowing) and interannual variation in LUI (SD in LUI across time), we introduce a unique measure of whole-ecosystem biodiversity, multidiversity. This synthesizes individual diversity measures across up to 49 taxonomic groups of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria from 150 grasslands. Multidiversity declined with increasing LUI among grasslands, particularly for rarer species and aboveground organisms, whereas common species and belowground groups were less sensitive. However, a high level of interannual variation in LUI increased overall multidiversity at low LUI and was even more beneficial for rarer species because it slowed the rate at which the multidiversity of rare species declined with increasing LUI. In more intensively managed grasslands, the diversity of rarer species was, on average, 18% of the maximum diversity across all grasslands when LUI was static over time but increased to 31% of the maximum when LUI changed maximally over time. In addition to decreasing overall LUI, we suggest varying LUI across years as a complementary strategy to promote biodiversity conservation. DA - 2014/// PY - 2014 DO - 10.1073/pnas.1312213111 VL - 111 IS - 1 SP - 308 EP - 313 SN - 00278424 KW - Agricultural grasslands KW - Biodiversity Exploratories KW - Biodiversity loss ER -